Dental prosthetics is a branch of dentistry focused on the replacement of tooth parts, particularly the crown—the visible part of the tooth—to restore both the function and aesthetics of the smile. This can be achieved on either natural roots or artificial ones, such as endosseous implants, providing a durable and personalized solution for each patient.
Prosthesis on natural teeth
When the root of a tooth remains intact, but the crown is compromised or missing due to damage like fractures or decay, a prosthesis can be applied on the natural tooth.
This procedure involves replacing the visible part of the tooth with a prosthetic crown, allowing the restoration of chewing function and aesthetics. It is a suitable solution for teeth that, despite the damage, still have stable roots.
Replacement of missing teeth
When a tooth is entirely missing, a traditional dental bridge can be used. The dental bridge consists of two abutments, which are the natural teeth adjacent to the missing one, and an intermediate crown that replaces the missing tooth. The abutments are prepared to support the crowns that will hold the bridge, while the replacement element restores chewing function and the appearance of the smile. This solution is particularly suitable when the adjacent teeth are also compromised and require restoration or structural reinforcement.
Implant-supported prosthesis
When one or more teeth are entirely missing, and natural roots cannot or should not be used, tooth replacement can be done with an implant-supported prosthesis. The endosseous implant serves as an artificial root, surgically inserted into the maxillary or mandibular bone, where it integrates firmly through a process called osseointegration. Once the implant is securely anchored to the bone, the prosthetic crown is placed, fully restoring the function and aesthetics of the tooth. This solution is ideal for patients who have lost one or more teeth and seek a stable, long-term replacement.
Prosthetic treatment
Whether placed on natural roots or implants, dental prosthetic solutions restore chewing function and improve the aesthetics of the smile, thereby enhancing the quality of life and self-confidence (See ‘In-depth Information).
Dental prosthetic materials offer specific characteristics. Each material is selected based on the individual patient’s needs, the location of the tooth to be treated, and aesthetic and functional requirements, with a decision-making process shared between the dentist and the patient after an informed consultation in which the available options and their implications are discussed.
Here is an overview of the materials commonly used:
- Zirconia: known for its high strength and biocompatibility.
- Lithium disilicate: appreciated for its combination of aesthetics and durability.
- Fused ceramic (porcelain): used in combination with metals to offer good aesthetics and strength.
- Composite resin: often used for temporary restorations or in some permanent solutions.
- Metal-ceramic: characterized by a metal core covered with ceramic, offering high resistance.